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مواضيع - هبة منير

صفحات: [1] 2
1
منتدى علوم البيئة / برنامج الامم المتحده للبيئة 2007
« في: يونيو 24, 2008, 12:25:56 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
اخوتي الكرام
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
خلال بحثي في الانترنت وجدت هذه الوثيقة الصادره عن الامم المتحده لعام 2007 والتي تعنى بالبيئة وسأرفقها على مراحل مع تمنياتي بان يستفيد منها اكبر عدد ممكن من اخوتي.
اختكم
هبة منير

2
منتدى علوم البيئة / تقييم الاثر البيئي
« في: مايو 06, 2008, 02:04:19 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
يعرف تقييم الاثر البيئي بانه((ة تحليل منظم للاثار البيئية لمشروع ما لتقليل الاثار السلبية وتشجيع المؤشرات الايجابية))
الاثار البيئية التي يجب اخذها بعين الاعتبار عند اقامة مشروع ما  تتضمن:-
1- الاثار البيئية الطبيعية
2- الاثار البيئية االاجتماعية
3- الاثار البيئية الجمالية
4- الاثار البيئية الاقتصادية
واليكم المثال التاليلتقييم الاثر البيئي لمشروع انشاء سد في منطقة وادي اليتم جنوب الاردن .

3
منتدى علوم البيئة / ozone depletion
« في: مايو 06, 2008, 01:54:41 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
اخوتي في الله السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
ارجو ان تستفيدوا من هذا الموضوع الذي يتحدث عن استنزاف طبقة الاوزون وطرق ادارة هذه المشكلة البيئية.
ملاحظة للاسف لم استطع ان اضمن الصور في موضوعي لان حجم الملف كبير.

4
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
اخوتي فيما يلي مختصر باللغة العربية حول موضوعي :-

تعد المعادن الثقيلة من اخطر الملوثات على البيئة ومنها ( الرصاص ,  الكادميوم , الزئبق وغيرها ) حتى عند وجود هذه المواد بكميات صغيرة فإنها تعد خطيرة جدا على الإنسان والحيوان   ومن الأمثلة على أخطار هذه المعادن :- تأثير الرصاص على الجهاز العصبي  والعظام والدم والجهاز التناسلي في معظم الكائنات الحية ,  وتعد  المصانع من أهم مصادر هذه الملوثات فعلى سبيل المثال ينتج الرصاص كملوث للمياه في مصانع البطاريات  ولما  عرف عن هذه الملوثات من أخطار قام العلماء بمحاولة تخفيف اثر هذه الملوثات والعمل على إزالتها من البيئة بواسطة طرق شتىو لما عرف عن الطرق الاعتيادية من ارتفاع في التكلفة وصعوبة في الاستعمال والنواتج الضاره للبيئة,  قام العلماء بمحاولة استخدام بعض المواد التي تعد صديقة للبيئة مثل النباتات والفطريات والبكتيريا ولقد اخترت في بحثي الحديث عن احد الفطريات المستخدمة لذلك ((Arrhizus rhizopus  ولهذا الكائن القدره على ادمصاص الرصاص على سطحه الخارجي مع العلم بان الكائن يستخدم وتعزى قدرة هذا الكائن على ادمصاص الرصاص لوجود بعض المجموعات البنائية سالبة الشحنة مثل مجموعة الكاربوكسيل التي تساعد على تثبيت الرصاص موجب الشحنة , ولقد تم اجراء العديد من الابحاث حول هذا الموضوع  مع محاولة تحسين وتحفيز قدرة  هذه الكائنات على ادمصاص هذه العناصر السامة.
وللمزيد من المعلومات حول هذا الموضوع انصحكم اخوتي بزيارة المجلة العلمية على الموقع الالكتروني www.sciencedirect.co  طباعة احد الكلمات المفتاحية التالية في خانة عنوان البحث.
Biosorption of heavy metals
Arrhizus rhizopus
Lead removal from wastewater
Wastewater treatment  lead removal

5
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
كل عام وانتم بخير
اليكم هذا البحث عن استخدام النبات في ازالة الرصاص من الماء.
هبة منير
Removal of lead from aqueous solutions using an immobilized
biomaterial derived from a plant biomass
K. Chandra Sekhar a,∗, C.T. Kamalaa, N.S. Chary a, A.R.K. Sastry b,
T. Nageswara Raoa, M. Vairamani a
a Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Sciences Division, Discovery Lab (D-120), Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, AP, India
b Organic Coatings and Polymers Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, AP, India
Received 26 August 2003; received in revised form 29 January 2004; accepted 29 January 2004



Abstract
Because of the severity of heavy metal contamination and potential adverse health impact on the public, a tremendous effort has taken place
to purify waters containing toxic metal ions. Traditional methods which have been employed prove to be costly and prohibitive for low level
waste remediation. Biosorption is presented as an alternative to traditional physicochemical means for removing toxic metals from ground
and wastewaters. Most recently, plant based biomaterials have been of interest.
The bark of Hemidesmus indicus, an extensively available plant biomass commonly called as Indian sarsaparilla was used as biomaterial
for removal of lead from aqueous streams. Batch experiments were carried out with immobilized biomass of H. indicus (IPBFIX) to optimize
the experimental parameters like effect of contact time, initial metal concentration, initial IPBFIX concentration and co-metal ion effect
on biosorption of lead from contaminated waters. Column experiments were performed under flow conditions for regeneration and recycle
efficiency of IPBFIX and was found to be effective for three cycles. Elution experiments were carried out to remove lead ions from loaded
IPBFIX and 100% elution was achieved with a 0.1M HNO3 solution. The effectiveness of the IPBFIX for biosorption of lead ions was
demonstrated using the wastewater samples emanating from a non-ferrous metal industry and the results are presented in this paper. The
results from these studies will be useful for a novel phytofiltration technology to remove and recover lead from wastewaters and this can also
be well adapted for secondary treatment or polishing of wastewaters. An attempt has been made to remove lead from the lead polluted waters
(both ground and surface) from an industrially contaminated sites.
© 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Lead; Immobilization; Biomass; Beads; Phytofiltration; Regeneration

6
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
اخوتي في منتدى علوم البيئة
 السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
هل سمعتم عن طريقة ازالة الرصاص الموجود في المياه العادمه عن طريق استخدام بعض الاعشاب مثل النعنع والميرميه ؟؟؟
هناك بعض الابحاث الجديده التي تثبت صحة هذا الكلام ولدي البعض منها وسوف ازودكم ببعضها في الايام القادمه  ان شاء الله .

اختكم
هبة منير

7
منتدى علوم البيئة / ozone depletion management
« في: ديسمبر 07, 2007, 02:21:17 مساءاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
اخوتي هذا الموضوع المرفق يتحدث عن طرق ادارة مشكلة ثقب الاوزون

8
منتدى علوم البيئة / ماذا افعل
« في: سبتمبر 14, 2007, 01:40:03 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

اخوتي في منتدى البيئة السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته  وكل عام وانتم بالف خير لا اريد ان اطيل عليكم الشرح انا طالبة دراسات عليا ويجب علي انجاز رسالة عن احد مواضيع البيئة ولكن للاسف كلما فكرت غي موضوع وعرضته على المدرسين اما ان يقولو هذا الموضوع صعب جدا عليك وهو جديد ولن تجدي عنه معلومات او ان يقولو عن موضوع اخر انه سهل جدا وقديم وقد طرحت بعض الرسائل سابقا عن الموضوع وانا الان بحاجة الى مساعدتكم لانني محتاره هل اختار موضوع تقييم الاثر البيئي للمشروع النووي في بلدي ام اختار العمل على احد السدود لدراسة اثره على البيئة والزلازل ارجو مساعدتي بالنصح او باقتراح مواضيع اخرى يمكنني التحدث عنها .

اختكم
هبة منير

9
منتدى علم الكيمياء / صور للمختبر المدرسي
« في: أغسطس 16, 2007, 10:26:03 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
اخوتي في منتدى الكيمياء ارجو ان تساعدوني وتزودوني ببعض الصور المناسبة لعرضها في المختبر المدرسي بهدف الزينة.
اختكم         هبة منير

10
منتدى علوم البيئة / عنصر الكادميوم من ملوثات الماء
« في: مايو 27, 2007, 12:57:36 صباحاً »
عنصر الكادميوم

11
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

اخوتي في منتدى علم البيئة السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

ارجو مساعدتي في جمع معلومات حول  موضوع معالجة المياه العادمة الملوثة بالعناصر الثقيلة

                                      مع وافر الاحترام والتقدير
                               اختكم :- هبة منير

12
منتدى علوم الفلك / افـكـار لمـعرض فلـكـي مـدرسـي
« في: مايو 04, 2007, 12:02:45 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
اخوتي الكرام في منتدى علم الفلك الكرام السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
ارجو ان تتكرموا وتساعدوني في طلبي هذا انا معلمة علوم ولقد تقلرر ان تقيم المدرسة معرضا علميا ولقد عينت كمشرفة لغرفة عرض حول علم الفلك بمساعدة الداتا شو وارجو ان تساعدوني بافكار للعرض ومواضيع للعرض

                       وشكرا

13
منتدى علوم البيئة / Tropical Rainforest Nutrients Linked To Global Car
« في: فبراير 09, 2007, 01:20:28 صباحاً »
Tropical Rainforest Nutrients Linked To Global Carbon Dioxide Levels

Heba M. Naser
Department of Biology, University of Jordan.

           .
Abstract. Tropical forests contain up to 40% of global terrestrial biomass carbon ©,
And they account for at least one-third of annual biosphere–atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange and global soil organic C storage Because of their dominant role in the terrestrial C cycle, even small changes in tropical CO2 fluxes can modify the global C budget, climate, and atmospheric composition. Many studies showed   that Extra amounts of key nutrients in tropical rain forest soils cause them to release more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere." when phosphorus (P) or nitrogen (N) -- which occur naturally in rain forest soils -- were added to forest plots in Costa Rica, they caused an increase in carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere by about 20 percent annually." This study will show the factors that affect these nutrients availability, and the way some Processes in the tropics affect what is happening around the globe  knowing that human activities are changing the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in ecosystems all over the globe, including the tropics.
  
Introduction
The tropical rain forest is a forest of tall trees in a region of year-round warmth. An average of 50 to 260 inches (125 to 660 cm.) of rain falls yearly. Rain forests belong to the tropical wet climate group. The temperature in a rain forest rarely gets higher than 93 °F (34 °C) or drops below 68 °F (20 °C); average humidity is between 77 and 88%; rainfall is          often more than 100 inches a year. There is usually a brief season of less rain. In monsoonal areas, there is a real dry season. Almost all rain forests lie near the equator.( figure 1)
 

Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forests

How can the high measured productivity of tropical forests be supported by soils of low fertility? The answer to this question was not firmly established until the 1960s and 1970s, when scientists began to measure the chemical content of tropical vegetation and compare it to that of the underlying soils. It was then discovered that the nutrients of tropical ecosystems are mainly to be found in living and recently dead organic matter—in the plants themselves and in the litter of decomposing plant parts that carpets the soil. See ( figure2).

That more nutrients are often contained in -plant matter than in the soil suggests that plants are recapturing dissolved minerals as they are released during decomposition. There are many organisms that are players in this decomposition process: termites, bacteria, fungi, various invertebrates. Of particular importance are micorrhizal fungi which invade the roots of trees to obtain nourishment.


 
Figure2: Nutrient budget in a tropical forest





In some circumstances tree roots even grow upward toward the soil surface, permeating the litter layer, for further nutrient uptake from litter and also for aeration.  See (figure3).


 

(Figure3)


Tropical forests show some variability due to variation in rainfall , which will affect soil nutrients content , see ( table 1) after studying some of these forests scientists found that :-

*Soils of seasonally dry tropics are often more fertile than those of wetter regions .

* Poorest site has the highest root biomass .

*Richest site has the lowest root biomass.







Table 1
shows 7 tropical forests, arranged roughly from least to most fertile soils Ecosystem Characteristics in Tropical Moist Forests and Rain Forests

 
            
                Oxisol                     Evergreen          Dipterocarp            rain
                Amazon         forest                  rain forest        forest              forest                     forest        MOIST
                  San Carlos,        San Carlos      EL Verde,         Banco,               Pasoh,                     La selva.     forest          
   Parameter            Venezuela           Venezuela         Puerto Rico       Ivory Coast        Malavst             Costa Rica      Panama
 1.   Total calcium in soil   195   7   176   —    115                   6530                22.166
(kilograms per hectare)
 
 2.   Total nitrogen in soil   785   1697   —   6500    6752       20.000                —
(kilograms per hectare)

 3.   Total phosphorus
 in soil   36   243   —   600    44     7000                  23
(kilograms in soil)

4.   Root biomass   132   56   72.3   49                       20. 5                 14.4               11.2
(tons per hectare)
Carbon cycle


Tropical forests contain up to 40% of global terrestrial biomass carbon ©, And they account for at least one-third of annual biosphere–atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange and global soil organic C storage Because of their dominant role in the terrestrial C cycle, even small changes in tropical CO2 fluxes can modify the global C budget, climate, and atmospheric composition. Soil carbon content depend on vegetation type, as forests have long life they  will have larger carbon storage than cultivated areas and grasslands which have short term carbon storage.    
    

   Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus cycles

Hypotheses Regarding N/P were collected from global data set including 5,087 observations of leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for 1,280 plant species at 452 sites and of associated mean climate indices demonstrates broad biogeographic patterns. In general:-

(i) Leaf N and P decline toward the equator as average temperature and growing season length increase.


(ii) The N/P ratio increases with mean temperature and toward the equator, because P is a major limiting nutrient in older tropical soils and N is the major limiting nutrient in younger temperate and high-latitude soils.


Effects of human activities on the nutrient cycle

Human activities are changing the amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in ecosystems all over the globe, including the tropics.
·   Human activities responsible for Phosphorus additions to the system:-
v   Slash-and-burn agriculture.
v   crop fertilization activities
 

·   Nitrogen pollution also is increasing around the world, including in tropical forests, as  a result of :-

v   Fossil-fuel combustion

v   Crop fertilization activities

Many studies showed that when phosphorus or nitrogen -- which occur naturally in rain forest soils -- were added to forest plots they caused an increase in carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere by about 18 percent annually.

Terrestrial biosphere–atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange is dominated by tropical forests, where photosynthetic carbon © uptake is thought to be phosphorus (P)-limited. In P-poor tropical forests, P may also limit organic matter decomposition and soil C losses. a field-fertilization experiment  were conducted   to show that P fertilization stimulates soil respiration in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica.(Cleveland and Townsend study)
In the early wet season, when soluble organic matter inputs to soil are high, P fertilization drove large increases in soil respiration. Although the P-stimulated increase in soil respiration was largely confined to the dry-to-wet season transition, the seasonal increase was sufficient to drive an 18% annual increase in CO2 efflux from the P-fertilized plots.
Nitrogen (N) fertilization caused similar responses, and the net increases in soil respiration in response to the additions of N and P approached annual soil C fluxes in mid-latitude forests.

After 3 yr of fertilization, the additions of P , N and +NP together the additions of P stimulated in situ soil respiration in the fertilization plots (Fig. 4a). In April, when soil respiration reached a seasonal maximum, CO2 fluxes were 37% higher in +P plots than in control plots .The most dramatic nutrient-stimulated increases in soil respiration occurred during this dry-to-wet season transition, but the seasonal, P-stimulated increase in soil respiration was still sufficient to drive an 18% increase in total annual CO2 flux in the +P plots relative to the controls; over the course of 2004, CO2 efflux from control plots was 1,880 g of C·m–2·yr–1, whereas +P plots respired 2,227 g of C·m–2·yr–1. These results corroborate those obtained in the laboratory assays; in both cases, P fertilization significantly enhanced soil respiration rates Together, these data provide strong evidence that P availability strongly limits soil respiration in this ecosystem and that P input to the soil may stimulate significant CO2 losses to the atmosphere.


 

time
(Figure. 4)





Another study conducted by Cleveland Townsend and Schmidt by Manipulations of carbon © and P supply, to test the effects of P availability on the decomposition of multiple forms of C including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and  soil organic carbon (SOC).in different soil types( Mollisol soil  and Oxisol soil) by knowing that P availability in Mollisol soil is higher than Oxisol soil.



The results of these studies were as the following:
l   Oxisol respond rapidly with ( Glu + P) addition.
l   Mollisol respond the same with (Glu + P) addition.
 So it’s the phosphorus availability that strongly limits soil respiration( figure 5)



















In the substrate addition incubations, the two forest Sites displayed strikingly different responses to P Fertilization (Figure2aandb).Respiration rates in Soil from the P-poor (OF) site increased linearly(r0.96) following additions of Glu alone(Fig- ure2a). Typically, dividing populations during microbial growth result in exponential CO response curves (Coloresandothers1996); thus, the linear increase in CO following Glu addition suggests that microbial growth in this site is not solely limited by Carbon, as is most common in the microbial com-Mutiny (Wardle1992).In contrast, OF soil amended with both Glu and P

responded much More rapidly (Figure 5a), and CO evolution rates Increased exponentially (r0.99).FluxesofCO2 In the Glu-only additions reached a maximum and Occurred 32 h after the substrate addition; whereas OF soil fertilized with Glu P reached maximum CO production rates after20 h after the experiment P over the same time period. In the P-rich site (MF), substrate induced growth Respiration following additions of Glu alone and of Glu P was nearly identical in samples from each Treatment (Figure2b).Although the C P addition Caused a significantly higher maximum flux of CO 14 h after the incubation began,(Figure 5b) Exponential responses were elicited in both the Glu –only treatment (r0.99) And the Glu P treatment(r0.97).


Other factors increasing global warming

Cultivation of land causes large releases of carbon. The biomass carried by
Agricultural lands are generally much less than that of the previously growing natural Vegetation. Conversions from natural forest to cropland could reduce the soil carbon By up to 50% (GuoandGifford, 2002).Land use change will most likely add a considerable carbon source term to the results reported ,though the future Magnitude of this effect is difficult to estimate. It depends on many factors including Population growth, agricultural productivity, and consumption patterns..






Results of increased future CO2 concentrations

Regional analysis suggests that increased future CO2 concentrations alone will
Tend to increase NPP and enhance carbon storage in many areas, particularly in
The North. Increasing temperature leads to longer growing seasons, increased NPP And vegetation growth and hence enhanced carbon storage .A combination of the Two acts towards increasing NPP, growth and north ward plant migration, i. e .carbon storage in arctic zone and north ward migration of the tree line. Increased Temperature also leads to increased rates of heterotrophic respiration, as shown in field experiments (Fangetal.,2005),which supports the assumption that the Resistant soil carbon pools areas temperature responsive as the labile soil carbon pools.Knorretal.(2005)show that results of soil warming experiments can be well reproduced by an Arrhenius model(LloydandTaylor1994),supporting the
temperature –dependence of soil repiration used in the LPJ-DGVM. In a warming climate, the resulting effect will potentially dominate the carbon balance where soil stocks are large, particularly in the boreal zone.



























References


1- Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Gerten D, Sitch S, Cramer W, Prentice C. 2006.
      Terrestrial  Bisphere  Carbon Storage Under Alternative Climate Projections.
      ClimaticChange DOI:10.1007/s10584-005-9002-5.

2-. Cleveland  CC, Townsend AR, Schmidt SK. 2002. Phosphorus Limitation of                    Microbial Processes in Moist Tropical Forests Evidence from Short-term         Laboratory Incubations and Field Studies. Ecosystems 5:680–691          


3- Reich  PB, Oleksyn  J. 2004. Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to                 temperature and latitude. The National Academy of Sciences
       PNAS 101(30): 11001–  11006



4- DE Moraes  RM,  DelIitti WB,  DE Vuono YS. 1999. Litterfall and litter nutrient
         Content in two Brazilian Tropical Forests. Revista Brasileira de Botânica      Print ISSN 0100-8404          


5- Cleveland  CC, Townsend AR. 2006. Nutrient additions to a tropical rain forest                          drive substantial soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere.                                           PNAS (The National Academy of Sciences) 10316-10321.
6- Townsend AR, Baswell BH, Holland EA, Penner JE. 1996. Spatial and temporal               patterns in terrestrial carbon storage due to deposition of fossil fuel nitrogen.                  Ecological Applications. 6(3). 1996. pp  806 -814.

14
منتدى علوم البيئة / recyclin
« في: مايو 21, 2006, 12:00:58 صباحاً »
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
RECYCLING
Recycling
Recycling has many meanings :
* Some times it means reusing some thing .
 *In terms of solid waste it means The separation of a specific material from the waste stream and processing it so that it may be used again as a raw material for products or in some cases as a fuel.
 


Recycling:-is a process in which valuable products such as metals are collected and returned to factories, where they are melted down and used to manufacture new products.


•   Recycling has become an everyday habit. As a result, recycling has grown substantially over the last decade: from 11% to 27% .  Every year, each of us still discards nearly 1600 pounds of trash, most of which still goes to landfills and incinerators.
•   By making products from recycled materials instead of virgin materials, we reduce the need to cut down trees, drill for oil, and dig for minerals. It usually takes less energy to make recycled .products

•   In most cases, making products from recycled materials creates less air pollution and water pollution than making products from virgin materials. When the materials that you recycle go into new products, they do not go into landfills or incinerators, so scarce landfill space is conserved. Recycling creates jobs, saves valuable resources and is simple to do. Before you throw away, think about the Earth and reuse, reduce and recycle.
•   The term recycling has become a part of our everyday vocabulary. We take for granted that we recycle everything as much as we can.


Sustainable development:-

•   Sustainable development:-economic development that meets current needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their needs.
•   Relies on appropriate technology , efficient use of resources , recycling,
Renewable resource use, and other measures.






Minerals Cycle


•   Life, as we know it, exists on the earth or in the earth.
•   
•   Whether it is in our own bodies, that of other living things or plant life, all of us, each and every one contains within us a part of the earth. We eat products grown on the earth, drink water that came from the surface of, or from within the earth, we dispose of our wastes on or in the earth, in fact we are all earth recycling 'machines'.
•   
•   As such we all contain metals and minerals that come from the earth. Without such we would be unhealthy. Given too much we could also be unhealthy. Without the everyday convenience of everything from satellites that monitor weather, televisions that allow us humans to see the images from those satellites, to the cars that protect us from the weather when we travel, all incidentally products made from raw materials dug out of the earth, our lives would be drastically different. In fact civilization as we know it would not exist without earth resources .
•   
Minerals cycle
Recycle process
•   Step 1. Collection and Processing
Step 1. Collection and Processing
•   
Collecting recyclables varies from community to community, but there are four primary methods: curbside, drop-off centers, buy-back centers, and deposit/refund programs

Step 2.Manufacturing

Once cleaned and separated, the recyclables are ready to undergo the second part of the recycling loop. More and more of today's products are being manufactured with total or partial recycled content. Common household items that contain recycled materials include newspapers and paper towels; aluminum, plastic, and glass soft drink containers; steel cans; and plastic laundry detergent bottles. Recycled materials also are used in innovative applications such as recovered glass in roadway asphalt , or recovered plastic in carpeting, park benches, and pedestrian bridges.

Step 3. Purchasing Recycled Products

Purchasing recycled products completes the recycling loop. By "buying recycled," governments, as well as businesses and individual consumers, each play an important role in making the recycling process a success. As consumers demand more environmentally sound products, manufacturers will continue to meet that demand by producing high-quality recycled products

Problems in RECYCLING
•   *A big problem for recycling is the wild fluctuation in market prices for commodities .

•   *Contamination of recyclable materials

Benefits of Recycling

Reduction in pollution.

•   Recycling helps increase the time a mineral or metal remains in use (residence time).

•   Saves energy, money, raw materials, and land space.

•   Provide jobs for unskilled workers (Recycling creates three to six times more jobs per unite of material than land filling or incineration ).
Waste minimization program
•   Collecting and selling cans, paper and other materials for recycling is an important source of income for many people all over the world ,(especially the homeless and the disadvantaged ).

Reduce the pressure on disposal systems .

Paper and card board recycling .
•   Since 19995 Jordan environmental agency had been collecting paper and cardboard for recycling in addition to other private companies like Abu-atia &hashlamon company in sahab and abu-jaber company in alyadodeh .
Glass recycling
•   Glass recycling in Jordan is applied in small factories on which the recycled glass quantities reach
•   (1-5.1) ton/day
The color of the glass is a problem in recycling which needs more separation .

Plastic recycling

•   • Recycled plastic quantities reaches (120-150)ton/day in the summer and decreased to (50) ton/day in winter .









SOLID WASTE QUANTITES IN JORDAN
PRICES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS IN JORDAN
Recommendations
•   •*Increase recycling by government and by individual and cooperate citizens as apart of national Agenda to the municipal solid waste problem

•   *Increase the awareness of people toward the importance of and benefits recycling .

•   *Increase the awareness of people about the recycling as an economic source through collecting , purchasing , and*Initiate program using market incentives to change consumers behavior (pay-as-you-throw) , while making a curbside recycling of waste free for consumer , under the controlling of government .

•   *Successful projects must be build on a good analysis and a perfect  
•   studying of all the dimensions


•   *sending a newsletter regarding recycling issues to all resident.

Strategies for reducing solid waste
•   
References
•    *حصاد الهاشمية: الدكتور احمد الملاعبة

•   Cunningham, w.p. Cunningham, M.A. Sigo, B. W. *
•   (1997) Environmental science.

•   *Buchholz, R.A.  (1998)  PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .ه

•   *\Maine State Planning Office Recycling and Waste Management. tm

•   *\Municipal Solid Waste - Recycling. tm

•   *\Solid Waste Department - Solid Waste
•   Terminology. tm

•   * www.google.com


•    */ Recycling. htm

•   Daniel D. Chiras, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, sixth edition.

15
منتدى علوم الأرض / recycling
« في: مايو 20, 2006, 11:46:10 مساءاً »
':010:'
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
RECYCLING
Recycling
Recycling has many meanings :
* Some times it means reusing some thing .
 *In terms of solid waste it means The separation of a specific material from the waste stream and processing it so that it may be used again as a raw material for products or in some cases as a fuel.
 


Recycling:-is a process in which valuable products such as metals are collected and returned to factories, where they are melted down and used to manufacture new products.


•   Recycling has become an everyday habit. As a result, recycling has grown substantially over the last decade: from 11% to 27% .  Every year, each of us still discards nearly 1600 pounds of trash, most of which still goes to landfills and incinerators.
•   By making products from recycled materials instead of virgin materials, we reduce the need to cut down trees, drill for oil, and dig for minerals. It usually takes less energy to make recycled .products

•   In most cases, making products from recycled materials creates less air pollution and water pollution than making products from virgin materials. When the materials that you recycle go into new products, they do not go into landfills or incinerators, so scarce landfill space is conserved. Recycling creates jobs, saves valuable resources and is simple to do. Before you throw away, think about the Earth and reuse, reduce and recycle.
•   The term recycling has become a part of our everyday vocabulary. We take for granted that we recycle everything as much as we can.


Sustainable development:-

•   Sustainable development:-economic development that meets current needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their needs.
•   Relies on appropriate technology , efficient use of resources , recycling,
Renewable resource use, and other measures.






Minerals Cycle


•   Life, as we know it, exists on the earth or in the earth.
•   
•   Whether it is in our own bodies, that of other living things or plant life, all of us, each and every one contains within us a part of the earth. We eat products grown on the earth, drink water that came from the surface of, or from within the earth, we dispose of our wastes on or in the earth, in fact we are all earth recycling 'machines'.
•   
•   As such we all contain metals and minerals that come from the earth. Without such we would be unhealthy. Given too much we could also be unhealthy. Without the everyday convenience of everything from satellites that monitor weather, televisions that allow us humans to see the images from those satellites, to the cars that protect us from the weather when we travel, all incidentally products made from raw materials dug out of the earth, our lives would be drastically different. In fact civilization as we know it would not exist without earth resources .
•   
Minerals cycle
Recycle process
•   Step 1. Collection and Processing
Step 1. Collection and Processing
•   
Collecting recyclables varies from community to community, but there are four primary methods: curbside, drop-off centers, buy-back centers, and deposit/refund programs

Step 2.Manufacturing

Once cleaned and separated, the recyclables are ready to undergo the second part of the recycling loop. More and more of today's products are being manufactured with total or partial recycled content. Common household items that contain recycled materials include newspapers and paper towels; aluminum, plastic, and glass soft drink containers; steel cans; and plastic laundry detergent bottles. Recycled materials also are used in innovative applications such as recovered glass in roadway asphalt , or recovered plastic in carpeting, park benches, and pedestrian bridges.

Step 3. Purchasing Recycled Products

Purchasing recycled products completes the recycling loop. By "buying recycled," governments, as well as businesses and individual consumers, each play an important role in making the recycling process a success. As consumers demand more environmentally sound products, manufacturers will continue to meet that demand by producing high-quality recycled products

Problems in RECYCLING
•   *A big problem for recycling is the wild fluctuation in market prices for commodities .

•   *Contamination of recyclable materials

Benefits of Recycling

Reduction in pollution.

•   Recycling helps increase the time a mineral or metal remains in use (residence time).

•   Saves energy, money, raw materials, and land space.

•   Provide jobs for unskilled workers (Recycling creates three to six times more jobs per unite of material than land filling or incineration ).
Waste minimization program
•   Collecting and selling cans, paper and other materials for recycling is an important source of income for many people all over the world ,(especially the homeless and the disadvantaged ).

Reduce the pressure on disposal systems .

Paper and card board recycling .
•   Since 19995 Jordan environmental agency had been collecting paper and cardboard for recycling in addition to other private companies like Abu-atia &hashlamon company in sahab and abu-jaber company in alyadodeh .
Glass recycling
•   Glass recycling in Jordan is applied in small factories on which the recycled glass quantities reach
•   (1-5.1) ton/day
The color of the glass is a problem in recycling which needs more separation .

Plastic recycling

•   • Recycled plastic quantities reaches (120-150)ton/day in the summer and decreased to (50) ton/day in winter .









SOLID WASTE QUANTITES IN JORDAN
PRICES OF RECYCLED MATERIALS IN JORDAN
Recommendations
•   •*Increase recycling by government and by individual and cooperate citizens as apart of national Agenda to the municipal solid waste problem

•   *Increase the awareness of people toward the importance of and benefits recycling .

•   *Increase the awareness of people about the recycling as an economic source through collecting , purchasing , and*Initiate program using market incentives to change consumers behavior (pay-as-you-throw) , while making a curbside recycling of waste free for consumer , under the controlling of government .

•   *Successful projects must be build on a good analysis and a perfect  
•   studying of all the dimensions


•   *sending a newsletter regarding recycling issues to all resident.

Strategies for reducing solid waste
•   
References
•    *حصاد الهاشمية: الدكتور احمد الملاعبة

•   Cunningham, w.p. Cunningham, M.A. Sigo, B. W. *
•   (1997) Environmental science.

•   *Buchholz, R.A.  (1998)  PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .ه

•   *\Maine State Planning Office Recycling and Waste Management. tm

•   *\Municipal Solid Waste - Recycling. tm

•   *\Solid Waste Department - Solid Waste
•   Terminology. tm

•   * www.google.com


•    */ Recycling. htm

•   Daniel D. Chiras, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, sixth edition.

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