اللدائن (البلاستيك) Polymers

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1
Polyethylene is the most popular plastic in the world. This is the polymer that makes grocery bags, shampoo bottles, children's toys, and even bullet proof vests.


(LDPE): Low Density Polyethylene A plastic used predominately in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility and relative transparency, making it popular for use in applications where heat sealing is necessary. LDPE is also used to manufacture some flexible lids and bottles and it is widely used in wire and cable applications for its properties and processing characteristics.
Ease of processing, barrier to moisture, strength/toughness, flexibility, ease of sealing.  LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) is the plastic used mainly to make film for trash bags, food packaging, shrink films, and construction/agricultural films.


HDPE is the high density version of PE plastic. It is harder, stronger and a little heavier than LDPE, but less ductile. Dishwasher safe. HDPE is lighter than water, and can be moulded, machined, and joined together using welding (difficult to glue).
Milestone ,Bottle for motor oil Bottle for organic solvents ,Street bollard,Hedge cutter, Gasoline tank, Milk bottles, Plastic bag (stiff type that crackles),Children's toys
Lid for honey pot, Dolphin bicycle trailer

LLDPE LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE , Applications:
• Landfill caps / closures • Lagoon Liners • Canal linings • Pond Liners • Agriculture Pond Liners • Mining Heap Leach Pads • Raw water treatment reservoirs • Potable water reservoirs • Retention ponds • Floating Covers • Secondary containment for above ground  storage tanks • Solutions ponds for mining applications • Tank linings • Waste water treatment lagoon.

UHMWP Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene has been used extensively as a wear face in orthopaedic implants. The performance of the material has been related to sterilisation techniques. Methods of assessing the accelerated ageing of UHMWPE are evaluated. Exceptional for impact, wear, and sliding applications

Polybutene-1 provides the following advantages: flexibility in planning and implementation physical and chemical material properties (corrosion) ,hygienic and non-toxic, lightweight and manageable ,flexible installation, also in bends ,one material from the entry point to the last tapping point , ,

Polybutene-1 piping systems are being used in many application areas: hot and cold water supply systems ,flow systems ,vacuum systems ,grey water and rainwater systems ,medicinal gas lines ,heating distribution ,district heating lines ,thermal water systems ,process water lines

VLDPE (very low density polyethylene) "boil-in" packaging for rice, soup and pasta products.

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PP was the first of the stereoregular plastics and the resulting crystallinity produces a stiff polymer chain and exceptional properties.  
Homopolymers: The choice of catalyst allows the production of isotactic, syndiotactic or atactic varieties of homopolymer PP and all have varying properties. It is therefore difficult to characterise PP by one set of statements regarding the properties.
Random Copolymers: These are a type of where the basic structure of the polymer chain has been modified by the incorporation of a different polymer molecule. Ethylene is the most commonly used molecule and this is inserted randomly along the polymer backbone at about 1-7% concentration. The random copolymers give increased clarity and impact strength.
Typical Applications
Vehicles and mechanical engineering: Battery cases, air duct casings, parcel shelves, fan wheels, dashboards, gas pedals, sunroofs, cooling water containers, air filters, heater housings, headlamp housings.
Electrical engineering: Housings for electrical components, electric kettles, cable drums, plugs, lawnmower housings, egg poachers, mixers.
Medicine: Sterilisable hospital ware, disposable syringes, infusion bottles, tablet tubes, test tubes, metering units.
Packaging: Storage and transport containers, bottle crates, buckets, margarine tubs, desserts, bottle closures, packaging film, bottles.
Others: Adhesive strips, transparent wrappings, index cards, loose-leaf folders, plant tubs, garden furniture, chair shells, ink cartridges, suitcases, vacuum flasks, cases with hinges

[مهندس مواد و معادن]

PS -  Polystyrene applications
Vehicles and mechanical engineering: Battery cases, air duct casings, parcel shelves, fan wheels, dashboards, gas pedals, sunroofs, cooling water containers, air filters, heater housings, headlamp housings.
Electrical engineering: Housings for electrical components, electric kettles, cable drums, plugs, lawnmower housings, egg poachers, mixers.
Medicine: Sterilisable hospital ware, disposable syringes, infusion bottles, tablet tubes, test tubes, metering units.
Packaging: Storage and transport containers, bottle crates, buckets, margarine tubs, desserts, bottle closures, packaging film, bottles.
Others: Adhesive strips, transparent wrappings, index cards, loose-leaf folders, plant tubs, garden furniture, chair shells, ink cartridges, suitcases, vacuum flasks, cases with hinges.

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Polystyrene (High Impact) HIPS
APPLICATIONS Yoghurt pots, refrigerator linings, vending cups, bathroom cabinets, toilet seats and tanks, closures, instrument control knobs.

General Purpose Polystyrene has a wide range of applications from packaging to appliances it covers a wide range of different products. CD - Cases, Audio Cassettes ,Refrigeration Crispers, Display Boxes ,Pen Barrels ,Foam Meat Trays.

SAN : Styrene-Acrylonitrile
The combination of transparency and resistance to oils, fats and cleaning agents make SAN very suitable for use in the kitchen as mixing bowls and basins and fittings for refrigerators. It is also used for the outer casings of thermally insulated jugs, for tableware, cutlery, coffee filters, jars and beakers as well as storage containers for all kinds of foods. An additional application is in multi-trip tableware for the catering sector.


ABS Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
ABS is often used as the cost and performance dividing line between standard plastics (PVC, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc.) and engineering plastics (acrylic, nylon, acetal, etc.).  ABS can be given a range of properties, depending on the ratio of the monomeric constituents and the molecular level connectivity.  Typically, a styrene-acrylonitrile glassy phase is toughened by an amorphous butadiene/butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber phase

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PVC Poly(vinyl chloride) is the plastic known at the hardware store as PVC. This is the PVC from which pipes are made, and PVC pipe is everywhere. The plumbing in your house is probably PVC pipe, unless it's an older house. PVC pipe is what rural high schools with small budgets use to make goal posts for their football fields. But there's more to PVC than just pipe. The "vinyl" siding used on houses is made of poly(vinyl chloride). Inside the house, PVC is used to make linoleum for the floor. In the seventies, PVC was often used to make vinyl car tops.

UPVC or Hard Rigid PVC used to manufacturing Pipes and Potable water
supply.   

Plasticised Polyvinyl Chloride - Plasticised PVC – PPVC  Applications Seals, gaskets, simulated leather cloth, cable covering, tape, bottles, sachets, heat-shrinkable tubing, wall covering, flexible floor coverings, 'leather cloth' for upholstery, hoses, tubing.

polyamide (nylon) : applications : apparel dresses, cycle water,swimear, home furnishing, speep bags thread, fishing line

Paraformaldehyde is a white crystalline solid formed by polymerization of methanal gas (formaldehyde, HCHO) by heating. It is soluble alkali but insoluble in alcohol, ether, and water. It is used as fumigant, disinfectant, and fungicide. It is used to make various resins with mainly phenol (melamine resin; phenol resin; vinylon; polyacetal resin; terephthalic acid; diphenyl methane diisocyanate, acrylic acid esters)

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 Polymethylmethacrylate – Acrylic – PMMA   Applications Glazing, illuminated and non-illuminated signs. Street lamp housings, coach roof lights, guards for machines and food displays. Bath and washbasins. Covers on solar panels
Polycarbonate, or specifically polycarbonate of bisphenol A, is a clear plastic used to make shatterproof windows, lightweight eyeglass lenses, and such. General Electric makes this stuff and sells it as Lexan.


Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)  
Polytetrafluoroethylene is better known by the trade name Teflon®. It is used to make non-stick cooking pans, and anything else that needs to be slippery or non-stick. PTFE is also used to treat carpets and fabrics to make them stain resistant.


Polysulphone
this polymer family have been seen in aerospace, automotive, electrical and lighting systems, business machines and other demanding conditions of sustained durability. Poly(phenylene sulphone) itself decomposes before melting above 500°C but the introduction of aryl-ether linkages in the polymer reduces the softening temperature so that the material can more easily be moulded.

Polyphenylene Sulphide – PPS  Applications Electrical components, e.g. connectors, housings, coil formers.  Chemical pumps, under-bonnet components.  Coatings for chemical and / or abrasion resistance.
Polyphenylene oxide :A thermoplastic produced through the oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol. Used to make roofing panels.


Polyimides are a very interesting group of incredibly strong and astoundingly heat and chemical resistant polymers. Their strength and heat and chemical resistance are so great that these materials often replace glass and metals, such as steel, in many demanding industrial applications. Polyimides are even used in many everyday applications. Who knows, you may even have a few in your house. They are used for the struts and chassis in some cars as well as some parts under-the-hood because they can withstand the intense heat and corrosive lubricants, fuels, and coolants cars require.


Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs)
Liquid crystal polymers are sometimes called super polymers--with good reason. Their wide range of exceptional properties and ease of processing make them design candidates for many demanding applications. This new book provides a thorough review of LCP technology with the emphasis on the chemistry, synthesis and characterization of the material in its many variants. Additional chapters cover processing and applications.

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