اليَـوْمُـ العَــالَمِــيّ لِـ السُل...

[سالمونيلا]

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

QUOTE

لي عودة     اختنا   واستاذتنا القديرة   عاشقة الأقصى   بإذن الرحمن الرحيم

وأنا أيضا لي عودة ان شاء الله وسأتحدث عن العصيات الفطرية السلية

Mycobacteriym   tuberculosis

ســـــــــــالمونيلا

[المحمودية]

تدرين غاليتي عاشقة ... كنت من الاشخاص المعرضين للاصابة بهذا المرض الوبائي الخطير ...

لكن الحمدلله قمت بجميع الفحوصات الازمة .. و النتيجة كانت سليمة ...

[المحمودية]

WHAT IS TB?

Tuberculosis (often called TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air.

Description
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disseminated disease but is most frequently associated with pulmonary infections. The bacilli are transmitted by the airborne route and, depending on host factors, may lead to latent tuberculosis infection (sometimes abbreviated LTBI) or tuberculosis disease (TB). Both conditions can usually be treated successfully with medications.

WHO GETS IT?

Anyone can get TB. However, some groups are at higher risk to get active TB disease. The groups that are at high risk include:
•   People with HIV infection (the AIDS virus)
•   People in close contact with those known to be infectious with TB
•   People with medical conditions that make the body less able to protect itself from disease (for example: diabetes, the dust disease silicosis, or people undergoing treatment with drugs that can suppress the immune system, such as long-term use of corticosteroids)
•   Foreign-born people from countries with high TB rates
•   Some racial or ethnic minorities
•   People who work in or are residents of long-term care facilities (nursing homes, prisons, some hospitals)
•   Health care workers and others such as prison guards
•   People who are malnourished
•   Alcoholics, IV drug users and people who are homeless

[المحمودية]

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF TB?

A person with TB infection will have no symptoms. A person with TB disease may have any, all or none of the following symptoms:
•   A cough that will not go away
•   Feeling tired all the time
•   Weight loss
•   Loss of appetite
•   Fever
•   Coughing up blood
•   Night sweats
These symptoms can also occur with other diseases so it is important to see a doctor and to let the doctor determine if you have TB.
It is also important to remember that a person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a cough from time to time. If you think you have been exposed to TB, get a TB skin test.

[المحمودية]

HOW DOES TB DISEASE DEVELOP?

There are two possible ways a person can become sick with TB disease:
The first applies to a person who may have been infected with TB for years and has been perfectly healthy. The time may come when this person suffers a change in health. The cause of this change in health may be another disease like AIDS or diabetes. Or it may be drug or alcohol abuse or a lack of health care because of homelessness.
Whatever the cause, when the body's ability to protect itself is compromised, TB infection can become active TB disease. In this way, a person may become sick with TB disease months or even years after they first breathed in the TB germs.
The other way TB disease develops happens much more quickly. Sometimes when a person first breathes in the TB germs the body is unable to protect itself against the disease. The germs then develop into active TB disease within weeks

WHAT IS THE TB SKIN TEST?
The TB skin test is a way to find out if a person has TB infection. Although there is more than one TB skin test, the preferred method of testing is to use the Mantoux test.3
For this test, a small amount of testing material is placed just below the top layers of skin, usually on the arm. Two to three days later a health care worker checks the arm to see if a bump has developed and measures the size of the bump. The significance of the size of the bump is determined in conjunction with risk factors for TB.
Once the doctor knows that a person has TB infection he or she will want to determine if the person has TB disease. This is done by using several other tests including a chest X-ray and a test of a person's mucus (the material that is sometimes coughed up from the lungs).
Q: Should you get a skin test each year to check on TB?
A: Only if you are at high risk for getting or transmitting TB or your jobs request it.
The advice for most people is to get a tuberculin test if you have symptoms or if you are living in close contact or have otherwise been in close contact with someone who recently came down with activeTB disease. (Some people get skin tests because of their jobs, in a school or hospital, for example, to make sure they have not contracted TB and will not infect others if they have TB).
If you fall into one or more of the high-risk categories for TB noted earlier, for example, if you are HIV-positive, never had a skin test before, or there is no record of the last result, you should be tested.
If you're not sure, ask your doctor. TB can be prevented, even if you are at risk.

[المحمودية]

Prevention
Vaccine
Based on WHO recommendations, the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is used in most developing countries to reduce the severe consequences of tuberculosis in infants and children. However, BCG vaccine has variable efficacy in preventing the adult forms of tuberculosis and interferes with testing for latent tuberculosis infection. Therefore, it not routinely recommended for use in the United States.

[المحمودية]

Other
Travelers should be advised to avoid exposure to known tuberculosis patients in crowded environments (e.g., hospitals, prisons, or homeless shelters). Travelers who will be working in hospitals or health-care settings where tuberculosis patients are likely to be encountered should be advised to consult infection control or occupational health experts about procedures for obtaining personal respiratory protective devices (e.g., N-95 respirators), along with appropriate fitting and training. Additionally, tuberculosis patients should be educated and trained to cover coughs and sneezes with their hands or tissues to reduce spread. Otherwise, no specific preventive measures can be taken or are routinely recommended for travelers.

[المحمودية]

Treatment
Persons who are infected or who become infected with M. tuberculosis can be treated to prevent progression to tuberculosis disease. Updated American Thoracic Society (ATS)/CDC recommendations for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection recommend 9 months of ionized as the preferred treatment and suggest that 4 months of revamping is a reasonable alternative. Travelers who suspect that they have been exposed to tuberculosis should be advised to inform their physicians of the possible exposure and receive appropriate medical evaluation. CDC and ATS have published updated guidelines for targeted tuberculin skin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Recent data from the WHO suggest that resistance is relatively common in some parts of the world. Travelers who have tuberculin skin test conversion associated with international travel should consult experts in infectious diseases or pulmonary medicine.

[المحمودية]

in other way

Treatment for TB depends on whether a person has active TB disease or only TB infection.4
A person who has become infected with TB, but does not have active TB disease, may be given preventive therapy. Preventive therapy aims to kill germs that are not doing any damage right now, but could so do.
If a doctor decides a person should receive preventive therapy, the usual prescription is a daily dose of isoniazid (also called "INH"); an inexpensive TB medicine. The person takes INH for nine months (up to a year for some patients), with periodic checkups to make sure the medicine is being taken as prescribed.
What if the person has active TB disease? Then treatment is needed.
Years ago a patient with TB disease was placed in a special hospital for months, maybe even years, and would often have surgery. Today, TB can be treated with very effective drugs.
Often the patient will only have to stay a short time in the hospital and can then continue taking medication at home. Sometimes the patient will not have to stay in the hospital at all. After a few weeks a person can probably even return to normal activities and not have to worry about infecting others.
The patient usually gets a combination of several drugs (most frequently INH plus two to three others including rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol). The patient will probably begin to feel better only a few weeks after starting to take the drugs.
It is very important, however, that the patient continue to take the medicine correctly for the full length of treatment. If the medicine is taken incorrectly or stopped the patient may become sick again and will be able to infect others with TB. As a result, public health authorities recommend Directly Observed Therapy (DOT), in which a health care worker insures that the patient takes his/her medicine.
If the medicine is taken incorrectly and the patient becomes sick with TB a second time, the TB may be harder to treat because it has become drug resistant. This means that the TB germs in the body are unaffected by some drugs used to treat TB.
Multi-drug resistant TB is very dangerous, so patients should be sure that they take all of their medicine correctly.
Regular checkups are needed to see how treatment is progressing. Sometimes the drugs used to treat TB can cause side effects. It is important both for people undergoing preventive therapy and people being treated for TB disease to immediately let a doctor know if they begin having any unusual symptoms.

[المحمودية]

WHAT IS MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT TB?
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (called MDR-TB for short) is a very dangerous form of tuberculosis. Some TB germs become resistant to the effects of some TB drugs. This happens when TB disease is not properly treated.
These resistant germs can then cause TB disease. The TB disease they cause is much harder to treat because the drugs do not kill the germs. MDR-TB can be spread to others, just like regular TB.
It is important that patients with TB disease follow their doctor's instructions for taking their TB medicine so that they will not develop MDR-TB.

CAN A TB PATIENT INFECT OTHERS?
Yes, if they have TB disease and it is not being treated. Once treatment begins, a patient ordinarily quickly becomes noninfectious; that is, they cannot spread the disease to others.
There is little danger from the TB patient who is being treated, is taking his or her medication continuously, and is responding well. The drugs usually make the patient noninfectious within weeks.
TB is spread by germs in the air, germs put there by coughing or sneezing. Handling a patient's bed sheets, books, furniture, or eating utensils does not spread infection.
Brief exposure to a source of TB rarely infects a person. It's day-after-day close contact that usually does it.

[نوره2007]

بارك اللة فيك اختى على هذا الموضوع القيم  

       وفعلا هذا المرض بدا فى الانتشار فى مصر ثانيا وفى الطبقات الراقيةووسط الشباب والشابات
بصورة كبيرة وذلك بسبب انتشار شرب الشيشة فى القهاوى التى اصبحت ظاهرة واضحة فى كل مكان  
وهذة الابحاث التى تفضلتى بذكرها تدق ناقوس الخطر  

[balsam]

رائدان في مجال مكافحة السل يكافآن على إنجازاتهما الجليلة

أصبح رجلان ساعدا على تغيير مجرى مكافحة السل في بلديهما أول الفائزين بإحدى الجوائز الصحية الدولية المرموقة مكافأة على إسهامهما في تحسين مكافحة السل. وقد تم إنشاء جائزة شراكة دحر السل ومؤسسة كوشون هذا العام، وتم منحها لأول مرة في المؤتمر العالمي المعني بصحة الرئة الذي عقده مؤخرا الاتحاد الدولي لمكافحة السل وأمراض الرئة في قصر المؤتمرات بباريس.

وتم الإعلان عن الفائزين في مطلع نوفمبر الماضي من قبل شركة دحر السل ومؤسسة كوشون. والفائزان هما السيد وينستون زولو، وهو من مواطني زامبيا وأحد الناشطين في مجال مكافحة السل وفيروس الايدز، والدكتور ل.س.شوهان، وهو من مواطني الهند وأحد مديري البرامج الوطنية لمكافحة السل.

ويعد السيد زولو من الأشخاص الذين يعملون بنشاط وبدون هوادة من أجل الدفاع عن الأشخاص المصابين بالسل وفيروس الايدز. وقد شفي هو نفسه من داء السل، غير أن المرض أودى بحياة جميع إخوانه الأربعة. وقد شارك السيد زولو في تأسيس برامج كارا-كابوي لخدمات المشورة، وهي برامج تسدي المشورة في مجال الايدز والعدوى بفيروسه في زامبيا، كما اشترك في رئاسة منظمة TBTV.ORG، وهي إحدى المنظمات العالمية الأولى التي تضم في عضويتها أناسا مصابين بالسل وفيروس الايدز.

أما الدكتور شوهان، فهو نائب المدير العام المسؤول عن شؤون مكافحة السل في الإدارة العامة للخدمات الصحية التابعة لوزارة الصحة الهندية، ويشغل أيضا منصب مدير البرامج في البرنامج الوطني لمكافحة السل في الهند. وقد أشرف، منذ عام 2002، على عملية التوسيع السريع لبرنامج مكافحة السل في الهند بالاستناد إلى المعالجة القصيرة الأمد تحت الإشراف المباشر، وذلك من الإنجازات البارزة في البلد الذي ينوء بأفدح أعباء المراضة بسبب السل في العالم.

وشراكة دحر السل عبارة عن شبكة تضم أكثر من 500 منظمة. وتقع أمانة الشراكة في المقر الرئيسي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية بجنيف.
أما مؤسسة كوشون فقد أنشئت في العام 1973 من قبل الراحل شونغ-كون لي، الرئيس السابق لشركة شونغ كون دانغ الصيدلانية، التي تعد من أولى الشركات التي تنتج الأدوية المضادة للسل في كوريا.

ومن خلال هذه الجائزة تود شركة دحر السل ومؤسسة كوشون إبداء تقديرها لأولئك الذين يعملون في الخطوط الأمامية للحملة الرامية إلى دفع عجلة عملية دحر السل، وتشجيعهم على مواصلة الكفاح.

تحياتي، balsam  '>

[عاشقة الأقصى]

روابِطـ ذات صِلـــة

الســـل الرِئوي....  Tuberculosis

الدرن .. حَقــائِق وأرقـــامـ...

...

 '>

[سالمونيلا]

وعدتك بالحديث عن العصيات الفطرية السلية لذلك أتيت لأفي بوعدي  '>  

أحب ان أستهل حديثي بكلام خير البشر  الذي أشار إلى وجود
كائنات دقيقة  بصور مختلفة وعلمنا كيفية التعامل معها

قال عليه الصلاة والسلام : ( البصاق في المسجد خطيئة وكفارتها دفنها )
وعن ابي قتادة رضي الله عنه: ( ان الني صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى ان يتنفس
في الإناء )
وعن أبي هريرة  قال كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا عطس وضع
يده أو ثوبه على فيه

ونحن نعلم ان من أهم طرق العدوى وأكثرها شيوعا هو استشاق رذاذ
محمل بعصيات السل فتكون العدوى أساسا عن طريق الجهاز التنفسي
باستنشاق الرذاذ المنثور من خلال بصاق أو إفرازات المريض أثناء الكحة
او العطس

العصيات الفطرية السلية  Mycobacterium  tuberculosis



الشكل:
عصيات غير متحركة رقيقة وعديمة المحفظة ولاتكون جراثيم، وتتلون بصورة ضعيفة
وبصعوبة بالصبغات العادية ولكنها تتلون جيدا بطريقة زيل نيلسين      
  Ziehl-neelsen  والتي تستخدم بها صبغة الكاربول فوكسين حيث تصبغ
تحت درجة حرارة عالية وتتميز هذه العصيات بأنها تحتفظ بهذه الصبغة ولايمكن إزالتها
بالحمض والكحول فلا تأخذ لون الصبغة الأخيرة المضافة مثل أزرق الميثلين أو أخضر المالكايت فتبدو تحت المجهر بشكل عصيات حمراء مفردة أو بشكل كتل صغيرة بينما تظهر بقية عناصر العينة من بكتيريا مشاركة وكريات بيضاء وخلايا طلائية وعناصر مخاطية باللون
الأزرق في حالة استخدام أزرق الميثلين ولهذا يطلق عليها العصيات المقاومة أو الصامدة
للحمض والكحول

الخواص :
وهي حساسة للحرارة وأشعة الشمس والأشعة الفوق بنفسجية  ولضوء النهار
ولكنها تقاوم البرودة والجفاف وتستطيع العيش لساعات في البصاق، وهي مقاومة
للمطهرات ولكنها حساسة للكحول .
ويعتبر جدار الخلية معقد التركيب ويحتوي على نسبة كبيرة من الدهون حوالي
 ( 30 %) ومواد شمعية وبروتينات وسكاكر ويعتبر حمض المايكوليك من الدهون
الرئيسية في جدار الخلية .

عوامل الضراوة :
لاتزال معلوماتنا غير مكتملة بالنسبة لعوامل الضراوة للعصيات السلية، وإن كان
الإعتقاد سابقا بأن مقدرة هذه البكتيريا للمعيشة داخل الخلايا هو من أهم هذه العوامل
كما يعتقد البعض بأنها مرتبطة بتركيبها الكيميائي .

المصدر : أسس علم البكتيريا الطبي

سالمونيلا

[عاشقة الأقصى]

(tyseer @ 26/3/2007 الساعة 16:16)

QUOTE

مشكورة أخت عاشقة الأقصى

جُزيت خيرًا أخــي على جميل المُتــابعــة ..

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