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Michelson-Morley Experiment
In 1887 Albert Michelson and Edward Morley measured the speed of the earth with respect to the ether, a substance conjectured to be the medium in which light is propagated. Their method involved splitting a beam of light into two beams that travelled at right angles to each other. The two beams were brought together and made to interfere, creating a distinctive pattern of light and dark bands at the telescope. If the earth (and with it the apparatus) moves relative to the ether, then the speed of one beam will be different from that of the other, just as the speed of a boat going first upstream and then downstream is different from that of a boat travelling across the stream. The difference in speed of the two beams would alter the interference pattern. No such alteration was found, however. This and similar failures to detect the motion of the earth through the ether led 18 years later to the development by Albert Einstein of the special theory of relativity, and the subsequent demise of the ether theory.
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